Final answer:
The campaigns by Christian states to retake the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors were known as the Reconquista, which lasted from the 8th century until 1492. The Reconquista involved several battles, including the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, and resulted in the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews.
Step-by-step explanation:
The campaigns by Christian states to retake the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors were known as the Reconquista. The Reconquista was a centuries-long effort by the Christian kingdoms in Spain to push the Muslim Moors back to Africa. It began in the 8th century and lasted until 1492. During the Reconquista, several key battles were fought, such as the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, where the Christian coalition won an important victory. However, it would take another 250 years before the Iberian Peninsula was fully under Christian occupation. The Reconquista severed the seven-hundred-year-old links between southern Spain and the centers of civilization in the East. It also resulted in forced conversions to Christianity for both Muslims and Jews on pain of death or expulsion.