Final answer:
The phrase 'on average' is not always used when interpreting model coefficients.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is c. The phrase on average is not always used when interpreting model coefficients.
When interpreting the intercept in a regression model, we plug in zero for all of the X variables to find the estimated value of the dependent variable.
Least squares estimation is indeed the process by which we minimize the errors between the observed and predicted values in a regression model.
The phrase 'on average' is commonly used when interpreting model coefficients in regression analysis, to indicate that the interpretation is valid on average for the given population.
R, a programming language commonly used for statistical analysis, does not require distributional assumptions to find the line of best fit in a regression model.