Final answer:
Carrier proteins that transport a single type of molecule or ion are called uniporters, which are essential components in various physiological processes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The name of carrier proteins that transport a single type of molecule or ion are called uniporters. These specialized proteins are vital for various physiological processes as they facilitate the movement of specific ions or molecules across cell membranes. Unlike some other transport mechanisms, uniporters move only one kind of substrate at a time. Active transport involving uniporters can occur during processes like the absorption of glucose, where they transport the sugar molecule from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration against the concentration gradient, which requires energy.