Final answer:
Captivity can cause physical and psychological stress in marine mammals, leading to health issues, abnormal behaviors, and shortened lifespans. Lack of space and natural social interactions are significant factors contributing to these negative effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
The physical effects of captivity on marine mammals such as whales and dolphins can include a range of health and behavioral issues. In captivity, these animals are confined to much smaller spaces than their natural habitats, which can lead to stress and the development of abnormal behaviors known as stereotypies. They may also experience health problems like gastric ulcers, skin problems, and a decrease in overall physical fitness due to the lack of space to swim freely. This environment contrasts starkly with their life in the wild, where they would travel long distances, hunt live prey, and engage in complex social interactions.
Furthermore, studies have shown that captivity can impact their longevity and reproductive success, with captive marine mammals often living shorter lives and experiencing breeding difficulties. The diet in captivity, although nutritionally balanced, does not mimic the variety and process of hunting in the wild, which can affect their nutrition and digestion. Lastly, dolphins in captivity may experience sensory deprivation since the pools or tanks lack the complexity and diversity of the ocean environment, which can impact their mental health.