Final answer:
The structure that passes through the diaphragm in addition to the esophagus and the posterior vena cava is the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygous vein.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structure that passes through the diaphragm in addition to the esophagus and the posterior vena cava is the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygous vein which pass through the aortic hiatus of the posterior diaphragm.