Final answer:
The arteries that form from the branching of the posterior end of the aorta are the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery.
Step-by-step explanation:
The arteries that form from the branching of the posterior end of the aorta are the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery. The superior mesenteric artery arises approximately 2.5 cm after the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the small intestine, pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine. The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal segment of the large intestine, including the rectum. These arteries play a vital role in providing oxygen-rich blood to the abdominal organs.