Final answer:
Option (b), Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called autosomes, which both males and females have in common and which carry genes for non-sex related traits.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called autosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 pairs being autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Autosomes contain genes for characteristics that are unrelated to sex, meaning they encode a vast majority of a person's genetic information, governing traits ranging from eye color to height.
Both males and females have the same autosomes, which are organized numerically in a karyotype from largest (chromosome 1) to smallest (chromosome 22). It is the remaining pair, either XX in females or XY in males, that determines sex and is hence referred to as sex chromosomes.