Final answer:
Physiological factors that produce hunger include empty stomach contractions, chemical signals sent to the brain when blood glucose levels drop, and the release of hunger-inducing hormones. Satiation is regulated by increased blood glucose levels and satiety signals sent by the gastrointestinal tract and fat cells. Psychological factors and exercise can also affect appetite.
Step-by-step explanation:
Physiological factors that produce hunger include empty stomach contractions, chemical signals sent to the brain when blood glucose levels drop, and the release of hunger-inducing hormones by the pancreas and liver. Satiation, or feeling full and satisfied, is regulated by physiological mechanisms such as increased blood glucose levels and satiety signals sent by the gastrointestinal tract and fat cells.
The signals of hunger and satiety are controlled in the hypothalamus region of the brain. Foods rich in fatty acids promote satiety more than foods rich in carbohydrates. Leptin resistance, a decreased sensitivity to the satiety hormone, can lead to an inability to feel satiated and overeating in obesity.
Psychological factors such as worry and anxiety can reduce appetite, while pleasant surroundings and good company can increase food consumption. Exercise can be both an appetite stimulant and suppressant, with the hormones and chemicals produced during exercise turning down appetite.