Final answer:
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in psychology where a behavior is reinforced or punished to either strengthen or weaken it. In the given question, the subject being discussed is operant conditioning.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the given question, the subject being discussed is Operant Conditioning.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in psychology where a behavior is reinforced or punished to either strengthen or weaken it. In this case, the reinforcement is offered to all members of a group, but only the individuals who meet the contingency (condition) earn the reinforcement. To illustrate this, let's consider an example from the text: Manuel is the manager at a fast-food restaurant, and sometimes a quality control person visits. If the restaurant is clean and the service is fast, everyone on that shift earns a bonus. Manuel and his crew try to keep the restaurant clean and provide prompt service to earn the bonus. Here, the reinforcement (bonus) is based on unpredictable conditions, and only those who meet the contingency (clean restaurant, fast service) earn the reinforcement.