Final answer:
The question pertains to operant conditioning in psychology, a behavior modification technique utilizing reinforcements and punishments, applied to measure behavior changes. It involves fixed and variable reinforcement schedules, shaping, stimulus discrimination, and generalization, correlating with AP Biology learning objective 2.21.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject in question pertains to operant conditioning, a concept in psychology that involves changing behavior by using reinforcements or punishments after a target response is made. The techniques mentioned refer to the application of behavioral psychology to measure the effects of contingencies on behavior, such as reinforcement delivered after a predictable or unpredictable number of responses. This involves strategies like fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, where the behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses, and variable ratio reinforcement schedules, where the behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. Additionally, concepts like shaping, which involves rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior, and stimulus discrimination and generalization are also highlighted. Lastly, using collected data to quantify behavioral changes as a response to operant conditioning aligns with AP Biology learning objective 2.21, which emphasizes justifying data selection to answer questions about biological mechanisms responding to environmental changes.