Final answer:
African American men and women served in segregated units in both World Wars, often in noncombat roles. They faced discrimination but contributed significantly to the war effort, with some units becoming highly decorated. The integration of the military followed in 1948 after their service helped catalyze discussions around racial equality.
Step-by-step explanation:
Throughout both World War I and World War II, many African American men volunteered or were drafted for military service. However, they were often placed in segregated units and relegated primarily to noncombat roles. For example, in World War I, the infantry unit known as the Harlem Hellfighters did see combat. Additionally, during World War II, the valor of the 761st Tank Battalion was pivotal in key battles such as the Battle of the Bulge. Despite facing discrimination, African American servicemen and servicewomen served with dedication and honor, making significant contributions to the war effort.
Notably, other minority groups, including Japanese Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Filipinos, and Native Americans, also experienced segregation and formed culturally or ethnically homogenous units. Noteworthy among these groups were the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed primarily of Japanese Americans, which became highly decorated for its service.
Post-war, the experiences of these soldiers helped catalyze the conversation around integration, leading to President Truman's executive order in 1948, which finally mandated the integration of the armed forces.