Final answer:
To protect from high-velocity charged particles, a magnetic field can be implemented as a shield by deflecting the particles. CRT televisions could produce X-rays, but at low levels due to shielding. In electrosurgery, high-frequency AC is likely used, with current flowing primarily from the scalpel's edge due to enhanced electric field sharpness.
Step-by-step explanation:
Various methods can be employed to protect against the harmful effects of high-velocity charged particles. One effectual strategy involves using a magnetic field to deflect these particles away, as their trajectory is altered when they pass through a magnetic field due to the Lorentz force acting on them. For instance, Earth's own magnetic field acts as a shield against solar and cosmic particles. In research facilities, magnetically shielded rooms can be constructed to ensure personnel safety.
Regarding the potential for x-ray generation in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) televisions, it's true that when electrons are accelerated and collide with a target, X-rays can be produced. In the case of CRTs operating at an accelerating potential around 30-kV, X-rays could indeed be created, but typically, these are of low intensity and are mitigated by shielding incorporated into the television's design.
In surgeries that use high-voltage electricity through a metal scalpel, most of the current flows from the scalpel's sharp edge because the electric field strength is greater at pointed conductive surfaces. This process most likely involves the use of high-frequency alternating current (AC), as it causes less damage to surrounding tissue and reduces the risk of electric shock.