Final answer:
Locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk propensity are known as individual differences, which are crucial for understanding employee behavior and motivation. Self-efficacy and locus of control are particularly significant in this context.
Step-by-step explanation:
Locus of control, Machiavellianism, self-esteem, self-monitoring, and risk propensity are all factors relevant to understanding the behavior and motivation of employees at work. These factors are encompassed under the term individual differences. Self-efficacy is a key element in this context, referring to the belief in one's own capabilities to achieve a task.
People with high self-efficacy view goals as attainable and challenges as tasks to be mastered, while those with low self-efficacy may avoid challenges and focus on negative outcomes. Julian Rotter's concept of locus of control is also crucial; it deals with our beliefs about the control we have over our lives, with internals believing in the influence of their efforts on outcomes, and externals attributing results to external forces.