Final answer:
The labeling theory explains why some behaviors are considered deviant for certain individuals while others may not face the same consequences for the same actions, due to the societal labels applied based on cultural norms and the reactions of others.
Step-by-step explanation:
Labeling Theory in Sociological Perspective
The theory that attempts to explain why some people are considered deviant for behaviors that others may engage in with lesser consequences is known as the labeling theory. According to this sociological theory, deviance is not inherent in any act, but is instead the result of the labels applied to individuals by society. Behaviors become deviant when society labels them as such, and those who are labeled as deviant may internalize this label, leading to further deviance.
The labeling theory is part of the broader framework of symbolic interactionism in sociology, which focuses on how individuals interact with each other and form impressions and meanings about the world. This approach suggests that people are not deviant because of their actions alone, but because of the reactions of others and the labels that are applied to them. The societal reaction is key—what one group may consider normal behavior, another group may view as deviant.
As an example, gambling may be seen as deviant behavior, especially if it is excessive or risky. However, the labeling theory would propose that the act of gambling only becomes deviant when society labels it as such, based on cultural norms, legal codes, and sanctions. Variations in these labels across cultures and over time showcase the relative nature of deviance.