Final Answer:
The theory that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants and criminals, while others who engage in similar behavior are not is known as Labeling theory. Final answer is 1) Labeling.
Step-by-step explanation:
Labeling theory posits that individuals become deviant when labeled as such by societal institutions and authorities. It suggests that the application of labels, such as "criminal" or "deviant," influences an individual's self-concept and behavior. This theory emphasizes the social reaction to an individual's actions rather than the actions themselves.
Labeling theory gained prominence in sociology, highlighting how societal reactions, stigmas, and labels contribute to the creation and perpetuation of deviant identities. When individuals are labeled as deviant, it may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where they internalize the label and engage in further deviant behavior. This perspective challenges the notion of inherent criminality and underscores the importance of societal reactions in shaping individuals' paths within the criminal justice system.
Moreover, labeling theory intersects with symbolic interactionism, emphasizing the role of communication, symbols, and social interactions in the construction of deviant identities. The labeling process is dynamic, and individuals may be labeled differently based on factors such as social status, race, and power dynamics. In essence, labeling theory provides a nuanced understanding of why certain individuals are perceived as deviants while others engaging in similar behavior may not face the same societal reaction.
Final answer is 1) Labeling