Final answer:
3. Xeroderma pigmentosum and 5. Cockayne syndrome are the genetic diseases among the listed options that affect DNA repair systems, causing increased risk of cancer and developmental issues respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The genetic diseases that affect DNA repair systems in humans are 3) xeroderma pigmentosum and 5) Cockayne syndrome. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients have a defect in their nucleotide excision repair enzymes, making them unable to repair thymine dimers caused by UV light exposure. This leads to a high risk of contracting skin cancer. Cockayne syndrome also involves defects in DNA repair, specifically affecting transcription-coupled repair, leading to various developmental and neurological issues.
The genetic diseases that affect DNA repair systems in humans are:
Retinoblastoma: This is a cancer that affects the eye and is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene, which plays a role in DNA repair.
Xeroderma pigmentosum: This is a rare genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. People with xeroderma pigmentosum have a high risk of developing skin cancer.
Cockayne syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature aging and extreme sensitivity to UV light. It is caused by mutations in genes involved in DNA repair.