Final answer:
Successive approximations refer to the technique in speech-language pathology where responses are reinforced that gradually become closer to the target behavior, such as the production of the [s] sound in words.
Step-by-step explanation:
Successive Approximations in Speech-Language Pathology
When we discuss the gradualness principle in speech-language pathology, we refer to the technique of shaping rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior. This principle is particularly relevant when a speech-language pathologist (SLP) reinforces a response that includes stopping on the initial consonant. A successive approximation of the target behavior would involve gradually reinforcing responses that become increasingly closer to the precise production of the target sound or word. For example, if an SLP is working with a client on producing the sound [s], they might first reinforce any utterances where the sound is approximated, regardless of clarity or placement.
As improvement is noted, the standard becomes stricter, now reinforcing only responses that more closely represent the actual [s] sound, perhaps when it is pronounced slightly more correctly at the beginning of words. This process continues, with the SLP reinforcing clearer, more accurate productions of the [s] sound, eventually leading to the correct pronunciation at the beginning, middle, and end of words, as seen in the word 'success' [, , ]. This technique not only applies to simple sound production but can be utilized in complex speech patterns and the utterance of multi-syllabic words, enhancing fluency and articulation.