Final answer:
The Golden Horde Khanate was situated in central Asia, northwest Asia, and the lands that are now part of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, with its capital at Sarai on the Volga River.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Golden Horde Khanate was located in the areas encompassing parts of central Asia, northwest Asia, and the former lands of the Rus. Its territory was vast and varied, including regions that are now part of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. The capital was established at Sarai on the Volga River, symbolizing Mongol authority in the region.
Despite its origins under the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde increasingly asserted its independence in the 13th century. The governance structure of the Golden Horde adapted as they ruled over numerous different peoples, from Turkish nomads to Slavic peasants. Eventually, the Golden Horde fragmented into smaller states, with notable successors like the Khanate on the Crimea peninsula.
The Golden Horde played a significant role in the Pax Mongolica, controlling direct European trade and fostering a prosperous era due to its strategic position. It also contributed to cultural exchanges and the spread of religions, with Islam becoming the official religion in 1313. Although the Golden Horde's influence waned over time, its legacy endured through the political structures and trade networks it left behind.