Final answer:
Option (c), New alleles arise through mutation, which is a process that introduces new genetic variation into a population. Mutation, along with gene flow, can introduce new alleles and contribute to evolutionary changes in a population.
Step-by-step explanation:
New alleles arise through mutation. Mutation introduces new genetic variation into a population by altering DNA sequences, which can lead to the creation of new alleles. Mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication, environmental factors, or from mutagenic chemicals.
In relation to genetic recombination, it occurs via crossing over and independent assortment. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis. Independent assortment relates to the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, which contributes to genetic diversity.
The processes leading to variation among offspring include genetic recombination, fertilization, and meiosis. These processes work together to shuffle and combine genetic information in new ways, ensuring that offspring have a unique combination of alleles from their parents.
Mendel's law of independent assortment is based on the principle that chromosomes align randomly during meiosis. This alignment affects how alleles are separated into gametes.
Gene flow and mutation are factors that can introduce new genetic variation into a population. Gene flow occurs through migration of individuals between populations, while mutation creates new alleles at the genetic level.