Final answer:
The cements that use a glass slab and metal spatula for mixing are Zinc phosphate and Zinc polycarboxylate. This mixing technique is necessary due to the exothermic reaction, and thus the correct answer is 'd. Both a and b'. Other elements mentioned are not directly related to the mixing process of dental cements.
Step-by-step explanation:
The types of cement that use a glass slab and metal spatula for mixing are Zinc phosphate and Zinc polycarboxylate. These dental cements require the slab and spatula for the mixing process due to their exothermic reaction, which is better dissipated by the glass slab. Therefore, the correct answer to the student's question is 'd. Both a and b'.
To explain further with examples:
Zinc phosphate cement is traditionally used for permanent cementation of crowns, bridges, inlays, and orthodontic brackets. It is known for its long track record of clinical success.
Zinc polycarboxylate cement is used for permanent cementation, as a base under restorative materials, and as a temporary restorative material. It has good biocompatibility and adhesive properties.
As for the compositions mentioned in the additional reference information you provided:
Phosphorus, zinc, and copper are not common constituents of dental cements.
Phosphorus, zinc, and calcium could be constituents of dental materials but not typically in the form discussed here.
Nickel, calcium, and zinc could potentially appear in some dental alloys, but not as a direct component of dental cements.
Therefore, 'd. all of the above' is not relevant in the context of the cement mixing question provided.