Final answer:
John Brown's portrayal in textbooks has evolved from a depiction of a fanatic to a nuanced view as a martyr for the abolitionist cause, indicating a shift towards a deeper understanding of the complexities of his actions and their impact on societal perspectives on slavery and southern power.
Step-by-step explanation:
Textbooks have changed their treatment of John Brown and his place in history, particularly concerning his raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. Historically, Brown was often depicted as a fanatic or a violent insurgent in Southern narratives, reflecting the apprehension and fear his actions generated among proponents of slavery. In contrast, Northerners who were against slavery, while initially critical of his methods, came to view Brown as a martyr after his composed behavior during the trial and execution. His willingness to die for the abolitionist cause drew comparisons to religious martyrdom, and many believed his actions highlighted the need to confront southern power and the institution of slavery. Over time, modern textbooks have evolved to present more nuanced portrayals, usually emphasizing his commitment to ending slavery, the violence of the period, and the polarized reactions he elicited from both ends of the slavery debate.