Final answer:
John Brown's depiction as insane in textbooks between 1890 and 1970 was influenced by historical context and societal values; including Eurocentric and nationalistic biases, conservative resistance to social reforms, and the often sanitized narratives in education reflecting the priorities of their times.
Step-by-step explanation:
The perception of John Brown as insane in textbooks published between 1890 and 1970 can be attributed to the tumultuous historical context and evolving societal values throughout those years. During this period, textbooks were influenced by the prevailing social and political attitudes. In the late 19th century, there was a strong nationalistic sentiment and a Eurocentric view that regarded European culture as superior. This was also the era of Victorian ideology, which often masked the darker realities of society, such as increased alcoholism and drug use. Textbooks reflected these biases and tended to paint figures like John Brown, who famously led a raid on Harper's Ferry in an effort to start an armed slave revolt, as extremists or fanatics.
By the mid-20th century, the United States had undergone significant changes post-World War II, experiencing shifts in politics, social justice movements, and technological advancements. These changes were mirrored in the education system and consequently in how history was presented to students. However, lingering conservative views and resistance to social reforms could still influence how historical figures, particularly those involved in controversial acts like John Brown, were depicted. The period of desegregation and social justice movements also influenced portrayals, with historical narratives often sanitized to align with predominating values.
It's important to recognize that textbook descriptions of historical figures are not static and reflect the priorities and biases of their times. Later historical revision and more nuanced understandings of figures like John Brown have led to a more balanced view, considering the complexities of his militant abolitionism within the context of the national crisis over slavery.