Final answer:
The correct answer is option E. Organizational design.
Step-by-step explanation:
E. Organizational design is the process by which managers create a specific type of organizational structure and culture. This involves decisions about how to arrange the organization's hierarchy of authority, establish efficient communication and control systems, and shape corporate culture in a way that aligns with the company's goals, strategy, and external environment.
For example, vertical integration is a type of organizational design where a company acquires other companies involved in different stages of the production process of its products. This is often done to gain control over the supply chain and to ensure a smooth flow of inputs needed for production. It is a strategic decision that affects the structure and operations of an organization.
When referring to John D. Rockefeller and his management strategies, he is noted for utilizing both horizontal integration and vertical integration. Horizontal integration involves merging with or acquiring competitors within the same industry at the same level of production, whereas vertical integration involves acquiring businesses at different levels of production. Rockefeller did not prominently use C. social Darwinism as a management strategy. Instead, he focused on integration techniques and, as a result, was able to dominate the oil industry.