Final answer:
The idea that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations is known as d. gradualism, while rapid changes in species occur during times of changing geologic and climatic conditions is known as punctuated equilibrium.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea that evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations is known as d. gradualism. This model suggests that when geologic and climatic conditions are stable, evolution occurs slowly and gradually.
On the other hand, punctuated equilibrium is a model that suggests rapid changes in species occur during times of changing geologic and climatic conditions. It is better supported by the fossil record than gradualism.