Final answer:
Transcription and replication happen during the 1. interphase of the cell cycle, specifically in the S Phase where DNA is replicated.
Step-by-step explanation:
Transcription and replication occur during interphase of the cell cycle. Interphase, which precedes the mitotic phase, is divided into three subphases: the G1 Phase (Growth Phase 1), S Phase (Synthesis Phase), and G2 Phase (Growth Phase 2). During the S Phase, the cell's DNA is copied in the process known as DNA replication, necessary for cell division. Additionally, during interphase, transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, also takes place. It is crucial for the production of the RNA molecules required for protein synthesis.
The other phases of the cell cycle mentioned in the options, such as prophase, metaphase, and anaphase, are all part of mitosis, which follows interphase and involves the segregation and distribution of chromosomes into daughter nuclei, not the replication or transcription of DNA.