Final answer:
To calculate the residual, subtract the actual distance traveled by the penguin from the distance calculated based on the speed of sound in water.
Step-by-step explanation:
In this case, the penguin travels a distance of 2 meters and stays underwater for 2.5 seconds. To calculate the residual, we need to determine the time it would take for the penguin to travel 2 meters underwater based on the known speed of sound in water.
Sound travels at approximately 1450 m/s in sea water. So, in 2.5 seconds, the sound would have traveled a distance of 3625 meters. Subtracting the actual distance traveled by the penguin (2 meters) from the calculated distance traveled by sound (3625 meters), we get a residual of 3623 meters.
The residual represents the difference between the expected value (distance calculated based on the speed of sound) and the observed value (actual distance traveled by the penguin). In this case, the large residual suggests that the penguin's underwater travel speed is significantly different from the speed of sound in water.