Final answer:
The balance sheet is the financial statement that represents a firm's assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity on a particular date.
Step-by-step explanation:
The financial statement that shows the assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity of a firm on a particular date is the balance sheet. The balance sheet is an essential accounting tool that lists all of these elements in a structured manner. Assets include anything of value owned by the firm that can be used to produce something, like cash or real estate. Liabilities are debts or obligations the firm owes, such as loans or mortgages. Stockholders' equity is essentially the net worth of the company, calculated as the total assets minus total liabilities, also known as net assets. This reflects the capital that is owned by the shareholders of the company.
As for a bank, its balance sheet would include assets such as cash held in vaults, reserves held at the Federal Reserve, loans made to customers, and securities like treasury bonds. Liabilities include customer deposits and other debts. The bank's net worth, or capital, would be shown on the balance sheet as the difference between the total assets and total liabilities.