Final answer:
An externally focused perspective is not a characteristic of a cost management system, which is typically internally focused with an aim to utilize resources effectively, evaluate internal segments, and emphasize future planning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The option that does NOT describe a cost management system is c. externally focused. Cost management systems are primarily concerned with internal costs for effective resource use, performance measurement, and decision-making within a company, emphasizing the future.
Cost management systems are focused on:
a. effective use of resources - ensuring that the organization's resources are used efficiently.
b. evaluation of segments or products within the firm - assessing the profitability or cost-effectiveness of different parts of the company.
d. emphasis on the future - planning and forecasting future costs and resources.