Final answer:
Major volcanic eruptions have impacts on the stratosphere, troposphere, and surface of the Earth. In the stratosphere, volcanic emissions can cause a cooling effect. In the troposphere, volcanic emissions can contribute to climate change. On the surface, volcanic eruptions can cause immediate damage and health concerns.
Step-by-step explanation:
Major volcanic eruptions have significant impacts on the stratosphere, troposphere, and surface of the Earth. In the stratosphere, volcanic eruptions release gases and particulates, such as sulfur dioxide, into the atmosphere. These particles can reach high altitudes and stay in the stratosphere for an extended period of time, where they can reflect and scatter sunlight, leading to a cooling effect on the Earth's surface.
In the troposphere, volcanic eruptions can also release gases and particulates that can have short-term climate effects. For example, volcanic emissions can include greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming.
On the surface, volcanic eruptions can cause immediate damage, such as ash fall, destruction of infrastructure, and disruption of ecosystems. Additionally, volcanic emissions can affect air quality, leading to health concerns for communities near the eruption.