Final answer:
Maternal effect can seem to violate Mendel’s Law of Segregation as the offspring's phenotype is determined by the mother's genotype. The Law of Independent Assortment is sometimes violated by linked genes that do not sort independently. Incomplete dominance, codominance, recessive lethals, multiple alleles, and sex linkage are other phenomena explaining non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Step-by-step explanation:
The maternal effect can result in what seems like a violation of Mendel’s Law of Segregation. Typically, Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.
However, with the maternal effect, the phenotype of the offspring is determined by the genotype of the mother, potentially leading to non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Similarly, the Law of Independent Assortment is sometimes violated in cases such as with linked genes.
Mendel postulated that genes for different traits are sorted to gametes independently of one another, but linked genes, which are close together on the same chromosome, do not always assort independently, as their likelihood of being inherited together is higher than genes located far apart or on different chromosomes.
Other phenomena explaining deviations from Mendel's rules include incomplete dominance, codominance, recessive lethals, multiple alleles, and sex linkage. These lead to a variety of inheritance patterns that differ from the classic Mendelian ratios, such as 3:1 phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation.