Final answer:
Low efficiency/high effectiveness occurs when managers make choices like 'M' that aren't resource-optimized but achieve goals. Economists prefer alternatives like 'Q' or 'S' for better output or protection with the same or less resource use.
Step-by-step explanation:
Low efficiency/high effectiveness situations arise when managers choose options that do not optimize the use of resources but still achieve the desired results or goals. In economic terms, making a choice like M is considered inefficient because it doesn't provide the greatest benefits for the costs incurred.
Economists agree that there are better alternatives, such as point Q, which offers greater economic output with the same level of environmental protection, or point S, which provides greater environmental protection for the same level of output. These points illustrate the potential for both higher efficiency and effectiveness. Command-and-control environmental laws sometimes result in inefficient outcomes like M.
In contrast, market-oriented environmental tools are designed to improve efficiency by either lowering costs for the same level of environmental protection or providing a higher level of protection without increasing costs.