Final answer:
Surface traits in personality are observable attributes that arise from underlying source traits. These are part of a wider study in psychology where traits are understood to be inherent and measurable aspects of personality, often conceptualized in the 'Big Five' model. Genetics and environment both influence these traits.
Step-by-step explanation:
The traits that we observe on the surface of someone's personality, which stem from a more fundamental source, are referred to as surface traits, and they originate from source traits. Trait theorists seek to understand personality by conceptualizing it as a collection of these traits. For example, Raymond Cattell's work identified 16 personality factors, each on a continuum, and Gordon Allport categorized traits into cardinal, central, and secondary types.
Our understanding of personality traits has evolved over time to encompass the Five Factor Model, also known as the "Big Five," which includes openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. These factors are believed to be relatively stable throughout an individual's life and are considered universal across various cultures.
Personality traits are not only psychological but also have a genetic component. Researchers like Hans and Sybil Eysenck have suggested that our genetic inheritance plays a significant role in shaping our personality traits. This idea is further supported by evidence indicating that many personality characteristics are indeed influenced by genetics, but environmental factors such as modeling also play an important role.