Final answer:
Recall is a retrieval method of getting information out of long-term memory storage without the help of cues, and it's crucial for tasks like essay exams. While semantic encoding and the self-reference effect can improve recall, factors such as proactive and retroactive interference can impede it.
Step-by-step explanation:
The retrieval of information from long-term memory can occur through different methods, one of which is recall. Recall is the process of bringing information into conscious awareness without the aid of retrieval cues. This is in contrast to recognition, where previously encountered information is identified, often aided by some form of cue. Recall requires accessing information on demand and is pivotal for tasks such as answering essay questions, while recognition is more about identifying correct answers from a set of options, as on multiple-choice tests.
Forgetting, interference, and amnesia are all factors that can affect how memories are retrieved from long-term memory. Proactive and retroactive interference can make it difficult to access particular memories, with the former involving older information blocking new information and the latter involving new information making it harder to remember older information.
In-depth semantic encoding can enhance the retrieval process, as more meaningfully processed information is more readily recalled. Semantic memory especially benefits from this, as it pertains to words, concepts, and facts. The self-reference effect also aids in better memory recall, as individuals tend to remember information better when it is personally relevant.