Final answer:
Semantic encoding is shown to be more effective for memory retention than visual or acoustic encoding. This involves deeper processing by linking information to its meaning and is further strengthened when the information is personally relevant, known as the self-reference effect. The memory process involves encoding, storage, and retrieval, where semantic encoding creates more robust and permanent records of information.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of retaining information involves encoding, where we input information into our memory system. Of the three types of encoding - visual encoding, acoustic encoding, and semantic encoding - studies by psychologists such as Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving have shown that semantic encoding, where information is linked to its meaning and connected to other concepts, leads to better retention. This may be enhanced by the self-reference effect, where information related to oneself is remembered more effectively.
One of the reasons semantic encoding is more effective is due to its deeper level of processing. For example, when trying to remember words, you would likely remember high-imagery words better because they are encoded both visually and semantically, creating stronger memory connections. Encoding is not only about inputs into our memory system but also involves organization and connecting new information with existing knowledge.
After encoding, the information must be stored, with storage being the creation of a permanent record of information. Finally, when you need to access this information again, the process of retrieval is used to bring the information out of storage and into conscious awareness. This shows the complete cycle of memory formation, from initial perception to information recall.