Question

Experimental evidence supporting the chemiosmotic hypothesis was gathered by using artificial vesicles containing a protein that can pump protons in one direction across the vesicle membrane to create a proton gradient. Which protein was used to generate the gradient in a highly controlled manner?

(a) cytochrome c oxidase
(b) NADH dehydrogenase
(c) cytochrome c
(d) bacteriorhodopsin

Answer 1

d. Bacteriorhodopsin is the protein used in controlled experiments to create a proton gradient supporting the chemiosmotic hypothesis, crucial for ATP production via an electrochemical gradient.

Step-by-step explanation:

The protein used to generate the proton gradient in a highly controlled manner in artificial vesicles for the experimental evidence supporting the chemiosmotic hypothesis is d) bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein that can pump protons in one direction across the vesicle membrane, thereby creating a proton gradient that is used to drive the synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis. This gradient is essential as it establishes both concentration and electrical gradients, collectively known as an electrochemical gradient, which is the driving force for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

The protein used to generate the gradient in a highly controlled manner is bacteriorhodopsin.Bacteriorhodopsin is the protein used in controlled experiments to create a proton gradient supporting the chemiosmotic hypothesis, crucial for ATP production via an electrochemical gradient.