Final answer:
Option (D), From 1917 through 1991, the Russian economy was characterized as a command economy, where the state controlled major aspects of production and distribution, rather than a market-driven system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of economy that shaped the landscape of Russian cities from 1917 through 1991 was a command economy. After the Russian Revolution, the Soviet Union was established, and its economy was characterized by state control over all major aspects of production and distribution. This approach was used to rapidly industrialize the country and attempt to manage its resources in a centrally planned manner.
The government determined what goods were produced, where they were made, and how resources should be allocated to meet national goals. Despite brief experiments with market elements during the New Economic Policy (NEP) period in the 1920s, the Soviet Union returned to strict command economy principles with the Five-Year Plans initiated in the late 1920s, emphasizing state control over the means of production and the distribution of goods.