Final answer:
Selectivity, over-confidence, biased reviewing, and complexity result in cognitive biases including confirmation bias, hindsight bias, representative bias, availability heuristic, and the Dunning-Kruger effect, affecting judgment and decision-making.
Step-by-step explanation:
Selectivity, over-confidence, biased reviewing, and complexity can lead to cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, hindsight bias, representative bias, and the availability heuristic.
These biases can skew our perception and decision-making processes.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms existing beliefs, leading to situations such as increased political polarization.
Hindsight bias gives the false belief that one could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened.
Representative bias is a form of unintentional stereotyping that can lead to incorrect assumptions.
The availability heuristic influences decisions based on easily recalled memories rather than all relevant data.
Furthermore, the concept of the Dunning-Kruger effect describes how individuals with limited knowledge overestimate their abilities, while experts might underestimate theirs.
These biases can considerably impact social behavior and judgment.