Final Answer:
The statement that describes glowing, hot, avalanche-like flows of volcanic debris is b) they are called pyroclastic flows, or nuees ardentes.(Option B)
Step-by-step explanation:
Pyroclastic flows, or nuees ardentes, are highly destructive volcanic phenomena characterized by the rapid movement of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris down the slopes of a volcano. These flows are associated with explosive volcanic eruptions, typically involving the ejection of fragmented magma and other materials. The term "nuees ardentes" is of French origin, meaning "burning clouds," highlighting the intense heat generated during these events. Pyroclastic flows pose significant hazards to surrounding areas due to their speed and high temperatures, making them a critical consideration in volcanic risk assessments.
These flows result from the collapse of eruption columns, which can occur during explosive volcanic activity. The collapsing column generates a dense mixture of hot volcanic gases, ash, and rock fragments that rush down the slopes of the volcano at high velocities. The extreme temperatures within pyroclastic flows can reach several hundred degrees Celsius, causing incineration of vegetation and structures in their path. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of pyroclastic flows is vital for mitigating the potential impact on nearby communities and developing effective evacuation strategies in volcanic hazard management. (Option B)