Final answer:
Remaining brain functions after the loss of higher cognitive abilities primarily consist of basic life support systems controlled by lower brain regions, such as the brain stem. The loss of higher brain functions can occur due to conditions like dementia. Treatments and lifestyle factors can influence disease progression, and cognitive rehabilitation and virtual reality technology offer possible management strategies.
Step-by-step explanation:
When the highest levels of brain function are lost, and we have lost the capacity for social and intellectual life, what remains is primarily the basic life support functions controlled by the lower brain regions, such as the brain stem. These functions include the autonomic processes necessary for survival, such as breathing, heart rate, and reflex actions. Cognitive abilities, social interactions, and higher intellectual activities are severely diminished or lost in conditions like severe dementia or late-stage neurodegenerative diseases, where there can be significant brain damage and neuronal cell death. Brain functions can be assessed through a mental status exam, which includes various subtests to evaluate specific cognitive abilities. Furthermore, factors such as environmental exposures and nutrition can influence the risk and progression of brain diseases, as exemplified by studies showing that exposure to lead, iron, and zinc increases risk, whereas adherence to a Mediterranean diet can lower risk. Despite the absence of a cure, there is hope in treatments like cognitive rehabilitation and innovative methods such as using virtual reality technology to aid in the management of mild cognitive impairment.