Final answer:
The characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, are referred to as gender.
Explanation:
Gender is a complex concept that encompasses a variety of characteristics, behaviors, and roles that are associated with being male or female in a given society. It is often used interchangeably with the term sex, but they are not the same. While sex refers to biological differences between males and females, gender is a social construct that is influenced by cultural, societal, and environmental factors.
One of the main ways in which gender is defined is through biological characteristics. These include physical attributes such as genitalia, hormones, and chromosomes. These biological characteristics are often used to categorize individuals into binary categories of male and female. However, it is important to note that not all individuals fit neatly into these categories, and there is a wide spectrum of biological variations that exist.
In addition to biology, societal and cultural influences also play a significant role in defining gender. These include societal expectations, norms, and stereotypes associated with being male or female. For example, boys are often expected to be strong, independent, and exhibit dominance, while girls are expected to be nurturing, passive, and emotional. These societal expectations can influence the way individuals behave and express their gender.
Moreover, individuals may also identify with a gender that is different from their assigned sex at birth. This is known as gender identity and is a deeply personal and subjective experience. It is important to recognize that gender identity is not the same as sexual orientation, which refers to a person's romantic and/or sexual attraction to others.
Overall, the concept of gender is complex and multifaceted, and it is influenced by a combination of biological, social, and cultural factors. It is important to understand and acknowledge these complexities in order to promote a more inclusive and understanding society that celebrates diversity.