Question

In view of research on the pain-attack response, Berkowitz (1983, 1989, 1998) proposed that ________ is the basic trigger of hostile aggression.

Answer 1

Berkowitz proposed that frustration is the fundamental trigger of hostile aggression, characterized by an intent to inflict pain driven by anger.

Step-by-step explanation:

According to the research on the pain-attack response, Berkowitz proposed that frustration is the basic trigger of hostile aggression. Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that it is motivated by feelings of anger with the intent to cause pain, rather than by a goal-oriented motivation that does not necessarily involve an intent to harm. The aggression can escalate when individuals feel unfairly treated, leading to antagonistic behavior that can contribute to a cycle of hostility and social strain, as suggested by the transactional model of hostility (Vella et al., 2012).