Final answer:
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are stress hormones that increase glucose production and affect protein and fat metabolism. They also regulate the immune system and have anti-inflammatory effects. They are released in response to stress and the level of these hormones is controlled by ACTH through negative feedback.
Step-by-step explanation:
Glucocorticoids are a group of corticosteroids that play a crucial role in the body's response to stress. They are primarily known for their ability to increase blood sugar levels through gluconeogenesis, which is the process of converting non-carbohydrates to glucose.
This process is incredibly important as it helps to provide energy to the body during long-term stress when glucose stores might be depleted.
Cortisol, one of the most well-known glucocorticoids, is produced in the adrenal gland's zona fasciculata and is released in response to stress.
Its main role is to make sure there is enough glucose and fatty acids in the blood to meet the body's energy demands.
Glucocorticoids have several functions including increasing the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, increasing the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue, and regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses.
The release of these hormones is prompted by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland.
They work by affecting the transcription of certain genes in the target cells, changing enzyme concentrations, and ultimately affecting cellular metabolism.
The primary glucocorticoids include cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone. Besides their roles in metabolism, they are also involved in the suppression of the immune system and have potent anti-inflammatory effects.
However, their immunosuppressive actions mean they have to be used cautiously as they can increase susceptibility to infections.