Final answer:
The statement that the similarity in structure between glutamate and GABA indicates a similarity in their function is false. While they may share structural similarities, glutamate is primarily excitatory, and GABA is primarily inhibitory in the CNS. They have distinct receptors and effects on neuronal activity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The similarity in structure between glutamate and GABA does not necessarily indicate a similarity in their function. This is because glutamate and GABA serve different roles in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter, which means it generally works to activate or excite neurons, leading to their depolarization. On the other hand, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which is synthesized from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, often resulting in the hyperpolarization of neurons, thus inhibiting neuronal activity.
While the structure of these neurotransmitters may be similar—both containing an amino group and a carboxyl group—their respective receptors and effects on neurons are distinct. Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are involved in excitatory neurotransmission and signaling, whereas GABA receptors (such as GABAA and GABAB) are pivotal for inhibitory neurotransmission. The balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic activities is crucial for proper neurological function, and disturbances in this balance may contribute to various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.