Final answer:
Kinesins move cargo along microtubules toward the cell's periphery (anterograde transport), while dyneins move it toward the cell center (retrograde transport), both using ATP hydrolysis for energy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Kinesins and dyneins are motor proteins associated with microtubules within the cells. These motor proteins are essential for intracellular transport. Kinesins typically move cargo along microtubules toward the plus end, which is generally towards the cell's periphery. This is known as anterograde transport. On the other hand, dyneins transport cargo towards the minus end of microtubules, located near the cell center, which is referred to as retrograde transport. These movements are crucial for numerous cellular processes including mitosis, the maintenance of cell shape, and axonal transport in neurons.
For example, in neurons, kinesin transports neurotransmitter vesicles, which are a type of organelles, from the cell body down the axon to the nerve terminal. In contrast, dynein moves empty vesicles back to the cell body after the neurotransmitters have been released. This coordinated activity is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP, which provides the energy needed for the motor proteins to 'walk' along the microtubule tracks.