Final answer:
Options A (from a manufacturing non-conformity), B (unintentional), C (intentional), and E (from a natural disaster)
The root causes of supply chain disruptions include manufacturing non-conformities, unintentional or intentional actions, and natural disasters, all of which can shift the supply curve to the left and impact supply chain efficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
The root cause of a supply chain disruption could be multifaceted. Options A (from a manufacturing non-conformity), B (unintentional), C (intentional), and E (from a natural disaster) are all potential root causes of supply chain disruptions.
Disruptions can also stem from man-made situations, such as factory damage that results in a reduced ability to supply products, described in some of your provided references. This damage, whether caused by environmental disturbance or human activities, affects the supply curve by shifting it to the left, indicating with a decrease in the quantity supplied at any given price.
Considering the scope and complexity of supply chains, all these factors can interplay to cause significant disruptions. Environmental impact, human activities, and different forms of disturbances lead to shifts in the supply curve, and thereby, impact the efficiency and reliability of global supply chains.