Final answer:
Herod the Great's rise to power in Judea was a result of strategic alliances, political adeptness, and his relationship with Rome, particularly his swift pivot in loyalty from Mark Antony to Octavian after the former's defeat, which led to his appointment as king of Judea by Rome.
Step-by-step explanation:
Herod the Great rose to power in Judea through strategic alliances and political maneuvering during a period of Roman expansion into the region. First, he was appointed as the governor of Galilee, demonstrating his capability to Rome. His father's established relationships with Julius Caesar also played a role in his rise. Key to Herod's rise was his alignment with Rome, particularly during the civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian (later Augustus). Herod backed Mark Antony initially, but after Antony's defeat, he managed to secure an audience with Octavian. In this critical meeting, Herod's diplomatic skills shone through as he pledged his loyalty to Octavian, convincing him of his value as a supporter. This move proved to be astute, as Octavian not only forgave him but also made him king of Judea in 37 BCE. Herod's reign was marked by significant building projects, including the expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and his rule, albeit authoritarian, brought relative peace and stability to Judea. However, his relationship with the Jewish population was troubled, partly because of his Idumean ancestry and partly because of his compliance with Roman customs over Jewish ones.