Final answer:
In individualism, ethical decisions are made based on a person's own beliefs, focusing on personal judgment over societal norms. Pluralism and relativism recognize the diversity of moral viewpoints based on cultural or individual perspectives. Both relate to the idea that ethical decisions are ultimately derived from personal values and beliefs.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ethical approach that states a person makes ethical decisions based on their own beliefs is closely related to individualism and pluralism. In the context of normative ethics, which seeks to establish standards for the right conduct, approaches such as consequentialism, deontological ethics (Kant's categorical imperative), and virtue ethics are often discussed. These frameworks differ based on the principles they consider most important: the consequences of one's actions, adherence to duty, or the cultivation of a moral character.
Individualism emphasizes the moral worth of the individual's own goals, desires, and beliefs. This approach is in contrast to perspectives that stress adherence to societal or institutional norms. Ethical decisions in individualism stem from personal judgements about what is right or wrong, often leading to more subjective and personal moral positions.
On the other hand, pluralism and relativism acknowledge the diversity of values across different cultures and historical periods, suggesting that ethical decisions can vary based on cultural or individual perspectives. This recognition of multiple valid moral viewpoints may influence an individual's ethical decisions but still centers on personal beliefs.