Final answer:
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is diagnosed through a consultation of symptoms and a urinalysis of a urine sample. A urine culture is also necessary to identify which bacteria are involved, followed by an antimicrobial susceptibility test to prescribe the most effective antibiotic treatment.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosis of a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
To diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI), a doctor will typically start by inquiring about the patient's symptoms. A urine sample is then collected for testing. The most common test is a urinalysis, during which the urine sample is inspected by sight, smell, and with the use of urine test strips. More extensive testing may be required if a specific disorder is suspected, possibly including examination under a microscope to detect abnormal substances.
If bacterial infection is suspected, a urine culture will be performed to identify which type of bacteria is growing. A clean catch urine sample is important to minimize contamination. The presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, and bacteria in the culture can confirm an infection. In the case of certain infections like pyelonephritis, microscopic examination, urine culture, testing for leukocyte esterase and nitrite levels, and examination for blood or protein in urine are conducted, with additional blood cultures and imaging in high-risk scenarios.
Once the UTI is confirmed, and the type of bacteria is identified, the correct antibiotic can be prescribed. For instance, if the infection is caused by E. coli, antibiotics like ciprofloxacin might be considered. However, an antimicrobial susceptibility test is crucial in determining the most effective treatment due to the varying resistance profiles of bacteria.