Final answer:
If sister chromatids do not separate during mitosis, this can result in non-disjunction, leading to daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.
Step-by-step explanation:
If sister chromatids of a chromosome did not separate during mitosis, this would result in a condition known as non-disjunction. Non-disjunction can lead to daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, one cell may receive both copies of the chromosome, while the other receives none. This can cause genetic disorders due to the imbalance in gene dosage.
In the case where anaphase proceeds even though sister chromatids are not properly attached to their respective microtubules and are not aligned at the metaphase plate, the cells would also end up with an incorrect number of chromosomes. These errors during cell division can lead to complications including cell death or the development of diseases such as cancer, due to the disruption in the normal distribution of genetic material.