Final answer:
Short bones contain spongy bone material that is porous and designed for shock absorption and energy distribution, contrasted by a thin layer of compact bone for structural support.
Step-by-step explanation:
Short bones consist of spongy bone material to maximize shock absorption and energy distribution. Compared to compact bone, spongy bone is lighter and less dense due to its porous nature, which makes it well-suited to its role in protecting from impacts by cushioning joints and providing space for marrow, which is involved in blood cell production. The compact bone that forms a thin layer around spongy bone is dense and strong, offering structural support and protection to the bone's more delicate interior.